Nandana Fort

Nandana Fort is a ruined fortified settlement located on the eastern flanks of the Salt Range in Punjab, Pakistan. Situated near Baghanwala village in the Jhelum District, the site rests on a hilltop rising approximately 1,500 feet above sea level. Originally constructed by the Odi Shahi dynasty between the 9th and 11th centuries CE, the fort served as a strategic capital after the dynasty fled their previous stronghold at Udabhandapura following conquests by Mahmud of Ghazni in 1001 CE. Although Nandana itself fell to Mahmud's armies in 1014 CE, resulting in significant war spoils, the location retained historical importance through subsequent centuries, witnessing conflicts between the Mamluk dynasty and invading Mongol hordes in the 13th century.

The architectural remains feature sandstone walls extending over 900 feet, accompanied by semi-circular bastions, a mosque, and a temple. The most notable surviving structure is a Shiva temple, which, despite being badly worn with damage to its eastern face, displays intricate design elements. This temple includes a dome with corbelled squinches, a vaulted ambulatory corridor, and a two-story frieze adorned with dentils and saw-tooth fringes. In the 11th century, the site gained scientific renown when the polymath Al-Biruni conducted his famous measurements of the Earth's circumference from this vantage point.

Today, Nandana exists primarily as an archaeological site characterized by its weathered ruins. While the structures have suffered from time and exposure, the location remains accessible for historical study and tourism. Recognizing its cultural value, government officials, including then-Prime Minister Imran Khan, visited the site in 2021 to announce plans for its conservation and restoration. These efforts aim to preserve the unique blend of military and religious architecture that defines this ancient hilltop settlement.